Multiscale Design Strategies for Fast-Charging Graphite Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

The pursuit of fast-charging lithium-ion batteries is crucial for electric vehicles and consumer electronics, yet limited by the sluggish kinetics and interfacial instability of graphite anodes. This review systematically analyzes the multiscale challenges - from atomic-level desolvation barriers to macroscopic ion transport limitations - that restrict the fast-charging performance of graphite. We establish a comprehensive design framework spanning interfacial engineering, bulk structure modulation, and electrode architecture optimization. Key strategies include artificial SEI construction, electrolyte solvation tuning, particle morphology control, and gradient electrode design. The dynamic failure mechanisms under fast-charging conditions, such as lithium plating and SEI degradation, are critically examined alongside advanced in-situ diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, we discuss the industrialization potential and cost-effectiveness of these approaches, highlighting pathways toward scalable, high-performance graphite anodes. This work provides integrated insights and forward-looking perspectives for developing next-generation fast-charging lithium-ion batteries.