An overview of the livestock microbiome: sheep, horses, cattle, camels, and chickens

The animal microbiome plays a crucial role in determining the health, productivity, and welfare of livestock species, including sheep, horses, cattle, camel, and chicken. These animal species were selected due to the high consumption of their products in Kazakhstan. Enhancing their productivity, while maintaining the safety and quality of meat and milk derived from them, represents a pressing research priority. This review article includes current research on the composition, diversity, and purposes of the microbiota found within different organ systems of these species. This study focuses on recent advancements in sequencing technology, including metagenomics, 16S rRNA sequencing, and multiomic methods, to combine data on microbial diversity, composition, and functionality within the gastrointestinal tract and other organs. The key findings show differences in microbial communities associated with breed, age, and diet, the impact of microbiota on methane emissions and feed efficiency in ruminants, and the possibility of using microbiome management techniques (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics, and feed additives) to enhance livestock production. The microbiome influences various species, extending its effects beyond digestion and immunity to reproductive health and behavior. Despite advancements, translating microbiome data into actionable interventions is interfered by variability resulting from genetic, environmental, and management factors. Integrating microbiome research more closely with animal genetics and livestock production methods could lead to innovative approaches for improving the health, efficiency, and welfare of farm animals, ultimately supporting sustainable livestock farming practices.