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Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research

Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research

Published on: May 1, 2014

Mapping 3Rs and NAM research and innovation projects funded through European framework programmes since 2007.

Julia Matyjasiak¹, Alexandra-Costina Avîrvarei¹, Marie Corradi²

¹Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.

Archives of Toxicology

|April 15, 2026

Summary

The European Union has significantly funded research into new approach methodologies (NAMs) to replace animal testing, supporting the 3Rs (replacement, refinement, and reduction) framework. Analysis reveals key application areas and geographic participation, with potential for future policy refinement.

Keywords:

3Rs AI Animal testing alternatives NAMs

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Published on: July 25, 2022

Area of Science:

Life Sciences
Toxicology
Biotechnology

Background:

The 3Rs (replacement, refinement, and reduction) framework guides ethical animal research.
New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are crucial for reducing and replacing animal use.
The European Commission actively supports 3Rs/NAMs research through policy and funding.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically analyze European Union (EU) research funding for 3Rs/NAMs projects.
To provide a comprehensive overview of EU-funded research in this domain.
To identify thematic and geographic trends and imbalances in EU funding.

Main Methods:

Analysis of projects funded under EU Framework Programmes 7, Horizon 2020, and Horizon Europe (until March 2025).
Utilized the EU Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS) database.
Employed a two-tiered AI approach (supervised text classification, semantic search) followed by expert review to identify 539 relevant projects.

Main Results:

Approximately 40% of funded projects focused on toxicology; others covered disease research and technology scaling.
Oncology and neuroscience were major application areas, utilizing in vitro (3D cell cultures, organs-on-chip) and in silico methods.
Western European countries dominated funding acquisition and research leadership.

Conclusions:

EU framework programmes demonstrate substantial and consistent support for 3Rs/NAMs research and innovation.
Significant thematic and geographic imbalances exist within the funded research portfolio.
Findings can inform future EU research strategies and policy development for 3Rs/NAMs.