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Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band

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Outdoor Secondhand Smoke Exposure in a Public Smoking Area: Formative Field Study Using Passive Wi-Fi Packet Sensing.

Ryo Horiike¹, Kazuya Taira², Izumi Kondo¹

¹Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 88 Shijomachi, Kashihara, JP.

JMIR Formative Research

|April 15, 2026

Summary

Passive Wi-Fi sensing can estimate people near outdoor smoking areas. This method identified many potentially exposed individuals, complementing existing secondhand smoke research.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Public Health Surveillance
Signal Processing

Background:

Outdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a public health concern, especially near designated smoking areas.
Quantifying human presence in these areas is crucial for estimating exposure opportunity.
Existing methods for estimating population density are often intrusive or not scalable.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the feasibility of using passive Wi-Fi packet sensing to estimate the number of smokers and passersby near outdoor smoking areas.
To calibrate Wi-Fi sensing data with brief onsite observations for accurate population counts.
To evaluate a minimally intrusive and scalable method for SHS exposure opportunity assessment.

Main Methods:

A formative field study was conducted at a public outdoor smoking area in Osaka, Japan.
Passive Wi-Fi sensors collected anonymized device data (timestamps, identifiers, signal strength) over a 16-day period.
Data were analyzed using empirically derived signal strength thresholds and calibration ratios, with direct observation for validation.

Main Results:

An estimated 262 smokers and 3,907 passersby were present within a plausible SHS exposure range during business hours on a high-traffic day.
Estimated smoker counts peaked around midday and late afternoon, while passerby volume peaked at midday.
A random forest model achieved high accuracy (0.95) in predicting presence using Wi-Fi signal characteristics.

Conclusions:

Passive Wi-Fi packet sensing, combined with brief observation, is a feasible method for estimating population exposure opportunity around outdoor smoking areas.
The technique identified significant numbers of potentially exposed individuals, particularly passersby in high-traffic public settings.
This method can complement existing SHS research and inform tobacco control strategies, though further validation is recommended.