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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
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Psychology at the screen: Investigating the current VAR protocol.

Daniel Walker1, Cara E Staniforth1, Jordan Thomas2

  • 1University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Referees frequently overturned decisions after reviewing video replays (Video Assistant Referee - VAR). External factors did not influence these VAR decisions, but home team calls were more often maintained, possibly due to crowd proximity bias.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Psychology
  • Football Analytics

Background:

  • The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) system aims to improve officiating accuracy in football.
  • Understanding the psychological factors influencing referee and VAR decisions is crucial for protocol optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the psychological processes behind Video Assistant Referee (VAR) protocol decisions.
  • To calculate the prevalence of decision overturns/maintains at the pitch-side monitor.
  • To assess the influence of external factors on referee and VAR decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 1520 English Premier League matches across 2021/22-2024/25 seasons.
  • Review of 250 instances where referees consulted the pitch-side monitor.
  • Binary Logistic Regression to determine predictors of decision outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Referees overturned their original decisions in 95% of pitch-side monitor reviews.
  • External factors did not significantly predict referee overturns or VAR interventions.
  • Home team decisions were more likely to be maintained, suggesting potential proximity bias.

Conclusions:

  • The high overturn rate aligns with the VAR protocol's intent to correct errors.
  • External factors appear to have minimal impact on VAR-influenced decisions.
  • Proximity bias may play a role in maintaining decisions, particularly for home teams.