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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam engine on an old-style train can produce the work needed for driving the train.
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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Peritectic engineering enhanced thermoelectrics for smart thermal messaging devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Thermoelectric Energy

Background:

  • Autonomous bio-integrated electronics require energy harvesting and perception.
  • Indium Antimonide (InSb) has high electron mobility but limited thermoelectric use due to high thermal conductivity.
  • A bottleneck exists in decoupling electron and phonon transport for efficient thermoelectric devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer Indium Antimonide for improved thermoelectric performance.
  • To reduce thermal conductivity in InSb-based materials.
  • To create self-powered sensory systems for human-machine interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced a peritectic engineering strategy for nanostructure formation.
  • Thermodynamic control of peritectic reaction to create InBi@(Bi, Sb) core-shell nanostructures.
  • Fabricated a compact thermoelectric module using InSb-InBi/Cu3InSnSe5.

Main Results:

  • Reduced room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity from 13.1 to 6.84 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹.
  • Increased the power factor by 98% at 473 K, decoupling electron and phonon transport.
  • Demonstrated a self-powered module driving commercial electronics and functioning as a zero-power thermo-tactile interface.

Conclusions:

  • Peritectic engineering effectively reduces thermal conductivity in InSb.
  • The developed thermoelectric materials enable self-powered sensory systems.
  • This platform advances intelligent human-machine interfaces for prosthetics and electronic skins.