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Noncontact Extraction Mass Spectrometry with Bubble Extraction Ionization Facilitates Operando Monitoring
Fengjian Chu1, Lu Gao1, He Tang1
1Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
Analytical Chemistry
|April 16, 2026
Summary
A new bubble extraction ionization electrochemical mass spectrometry (BEI-EC-MS) platform enables real-time monitoring of electrochemical reactions. This sensitive method effectively captures transient intermediates and reaction products, advancing mechanistic studies.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Electrochemistry
- Mass Spectrometry
Background:
- Electrochemical (EC) studies require sensitive, real-time monitoring tools.
- Existing online EC-MS methods often need additional voltages, complicating monitoring.
- Capturing transient intermediates in EC reactions remains challenging.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a novel platform for sensitive, real-time monitoring of EC reactions.
- To enable in situ soft ionization within the electrolytic cell for simplified EC-MS.
- To characterize reaction products and transient intermediates in various EC processes.
Main Methods:
- Bubble Extraction Ionization Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (BEI-EC-MS).
- In situ soft ionization integrated within the electrolytic cell.
- Utilizing ascending bubbles for compound extraction and concentration.
Main Results:
- Successfully monitored aniline (ANI) EC polymerization, capturing short-lived radical intermediates.
- Characterized intermediates and products from the EC degradation of dinotefuran (DNT), rhodamine B (RhB), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).
- Identified novel radical ions, providing crucial evidence for degradation mechanisms.
Conclusions:
- The BEI-EC-MS platform offers a sensitive and real-time solution for monitoring EC reactions.
- The method simplifies EC-MS by eliminating the need for external voltages during monitoring.
- This adaptable platform facilitates mechanistic studies and can be readily implemented in standard labs.
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