Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

9.9K
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
9.9K
Factors Influencing Heart Rate01:30

Factors Influencing Heart Rate

7.5K
The heart rate, or pulse rate, is a vital indicator of cardiovascular health. It reflects the number of times the heart beats per minute. Various physiological and environmental factors influence heart rate, increasing or decreasing cardiac output. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing heart function and identifying potential health issues.
Let us explore the significant factors affecting heart rate, including age, body temperature, posture, acute pain, chemical influences,...
7.5K
Exercise Stress Test01:26

Exercise Stress Test

2.2K
Introduction
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
2.2K
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

17.0K
The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
17.0K
Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

1.7K
Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
1.7K
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

3.5K
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
3.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Durability Predicts Performance in Olympic Cross-Country Mountain Biking: Evidence From Intermittent Tests Under Fatigue.

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2026
Same author

Validity of Galaxy Watch for Estimating Energy Expenditure During Intermittent Running: Cross-Sectional Study.

JMIR formative research·2026
Same author

The Physiology of Contemporary Olympic Cross-Country Mountain Biking: A Systematic Review.

Sports medicine - open·2026
Same author

Vector Competence for Zika Virus Changes Depending on the <i>Aedes aegypti</i>'s Region of Origin in Manaus: A Study of an Endemic Brazilian Amazonian City.

Viruses·2023
Same author

Cardiopulmonary capacity and muscle strength in transgender women on long-term gender-affirming hormone therapy: a cross-sectional study.

British journal of sports medicine·2022
Same author

Evaluation of Ibuprofen Use on the Immune System Indicators and Force in Disabled Paralympic Powerlifters of Different Sport Levels.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
Same journal

Deep Neural Networks for Automatic Atrial Fibrillation Detection Using Long-Term Ambulatory Electrocardiography: Retrospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

JMIR cardio·2026
Same journal

Impact of a Cloud-Based Care Coordination Platform on False Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations and Unnecessary Team Mobilization: Retrospective Cohort Study.

JMIR cardio·2026
Same journal

Experiences of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Using Technology to Personalize Self-Care Decision-Making: Interpretive Description Study.

JMIR cardio·2026
Same journal

Cardiac Telerehabilitation Using a Smartwatch and a Gamified Smartphone App: Single-Arm Pre-Post Feasibility Study.

JMIR cardio·2026
Same journal

Patient Perceptions of a Digitally Enabled Community Health Worker Intervention: Qualitative Study Among Pilot Trial Participants.

JMIR cardio·2026
Same journal

Positive Psychological Well-Being and Determinants of Social Robot Acceptability Among Patients With Heart Failure: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study.

JMIR cardio·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Assessing the Accuracy of Fitness Smartwatch Data for Cardiovascular and Physical Activity Monitoring: A Validation Study in Digital Health
05:51

Assessing the Accuracy of Fitness Smartwatch Data for Cardiovascular and Physical Activity Monitoring: A Validation Study in Digital Health

Published on: February 21, 2025

1.6K

Heart Rate Estimation Using the Galaxy Watch During Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: Cross-Sectional

Allan Inoue1, João Paulo Ferreira Soares1, Felipe Antunes-Santos1

  • 1Health Data Lab, Sidia Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Autaz Mirim, 2211 - Distrito Industrial I, Manaus, 69075-155, Brazil, 55 (92) 3212-3444.

JMIR Cardio
|April 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Samsung Galaxy Watch 6 (GW6) shows good validity for heart rate (HR) monitoring during maximal exercise tests. While errors slightly increase at higher intensities, they remain within acceptable clinical limits for group comparisons.

Keywords:
cardiopulmonary exercise testmaximal exercisephotoplethysmographysmartwatcheswearable

More Related Videos

A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
04:24

A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

Published on: April 19, 2019

12.9K
Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure
04:20

Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure

Published on: October 1, 2019

6.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Assessing the Accuracy of Fitness Smartwatch Data for Cardiovascular and Physical Activity Monitoring: A Validation Study in Digital Health
05:51

Assessing the Accuracy of Fitness Smartwatch Data for Cardiovascular and Physical Activity Monitoring: A Validation Study in Digital Health

Published on: February 21, 2025

1.6K
A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
04:24

A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

Published on: April 19, 2019

12.9K
Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure
04:20

Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure

Published on: October 1, 2019

6.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Photoplethysmography (PPG) smartwatches are common for continuous heart rate (HR) monitoring.
  • Accuracy is established for resting and low-intensity activities, but data during maximal exercise are limited.
  • Validation is crucial for PPG devices in demanding conditions like clinical exercise testing and athletic training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the validity of the Samsung Galaxy Watch 6 (GW6) for estimating HR during maximal treadmill exercise.
  • To investigate if measurement error differs across five predefined HR intensity zones.

Main Methods:

  • 55 healthy adults underwent a maximal ramp cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill.
  • Simultaneous HR data were collected using the GW6 and a Polar H10 chest strap (reference).
  • Agreement indices (ICC, errors) and Bland-Altman analysis were computed across HR intensity zones.

Main Results:

  • Agreement between GW6 and Polar H10 varied by intensity, with good-to-excellent ICC (0.90) at 90%-100% HRmax.
  • Median absolute error was consistently low (1-3 bpm), and percentage error decreased with intensity.
  • GW6 showed a mean bias of -2.67 bpm, underestimating HR, with wide limits of agreement, indicating individual variability.

Conclusions:

  • The GW6 demonstrates good validity for HR monitoring during maximal treadmill exercise in healthy young adults.
  • Despite minor error increases at high workloads, absolute errors are clinically acceptable.
  • The GW6 shows potential as a convenient, noninvasive HR monitoring alternative for laboratory exercise testing.