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Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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Suffering Experiences Questionnaires: Scales Development and Validation.

Bassam Khoury1, Rodrigo C Vergara2,3

  • 1McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Assessment
|April 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Suffering Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ) offers a new way to measure suffering and overcoming challenges. This comprehensive tool is validated and useful across diverse perspectives.

Keywords:
experienceovercomingquestionnairescalesuffering

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Suffering is a universal human experience, yet current measures often oversimplify it.
  • Existing instruments fail to capture the full spectrum of suffering or the crucial aspect of overcoming it.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Suffering Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ) and its short form (SEQ-10).
  • To create a comprehensive, theory-agnostic instrument for assessing both suffering and overcoming.
  • To provide a non-symptom-based measure for clinical utility.

Main Methods:

  • Item generation from clinical experience, followed by expert panel refinement and student review.
  • Two validation studies assessed psychometric properties, reliability, and validity.
  • Explored structural integrity, internal consistency, and convergent/concurrent validity.

Main Results:

  • The SEQ was refined to a 20-item version (SEQ-20) and a 10-item short form (SEQ-10).
  • Both SEQ versions demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including reliability and validity.
  • The SEQ and SEQ-10 showed convergence with and predictive utility for symptomatology and well-being outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The SEQ and SEQ-10 are the first instruments to integrate the measurement of suffering and overcoming.
  • These tools exhibit robust psychometric properties and significant clinical utility.
  • Findings support the SEQ's applicability across Western and Eastern cultural perspectives.