Molecular Design Strategies of Fluorescent Chemical Probes for Proteomic Research

Proteomics is the field of large-scale study of the structure, function, and dynamic interactions of proteins in biological systems, crucial for elucidating cellular functions and signaling networks. This field utilizes key methods such as mass spectrometry for protein identification and quantification, providing comprehensive insights into cellular function and disease mechanisms. However, traditional proteomics methods often lack the ability to monitor rapid protein activity and interactions in living systems in real time, severely limiting their application in dynamic biological processes. To overcome this limitation, fluorescent chemical probes have emerged as a powerful tool, enabling real-time visualization and monitoring of protein states in their native environments. This review comprehensively discusses the current status of fluorescent chemical probes in proteomics research, focusing on four different types of probes: Click-available probes, Photoaffinity probes, Photocatalytic probes, and Electrophile-based probes. Furthermore, it summarizes four different biological applications and highlights how each type of probe addresses specific challenges in proteomics.