Simulation-based training and education in laparoscopic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery

Area of Science:

• Minimally Invasive Surgery
• Surgical Education Technology
• Medical Simulation

Background:

• Laparoscopic hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) surgery demands exceptional anatomical knowledge and technical precision.
• Current training methods require enhancement to meet the complexities of advanced laparoscopic procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize recent advancements in simulation-based training for laparoscopic HBP surgery.
• To evaluate the strengths and limitations of three-dimensional (3D) printing, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) in surgical education.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of simulation technologies applied to HBP surgery training.
• Analysis of 3D printing, VR, and AR modalities based on fidelity, interactivity, and applicability.
• Assessment of current challenges and future directions in surgical simulation.

Main Results:

• 3D-printed models offer high anatomical fidelity but lack physiological dynamics.
• VR simulation allows risk-free practice and AI-driven feedback but has limited haptic realism.
• AR provides real-time navigation, integrating planning with execution, yet can increase cognitive load.

Conclusions:

• Hybrid simulation models combining biomechanical realism with virtual interfaces are crucial for future HBP surgical training.
• Development requires validated metrics for skill transfer to clinical practice and ethical guidelines for new technologies.
• Integrating diverse simulation tools will enhance surgical proficiency and patient safety in complex procedures.