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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Gravitational Waves from Feebly Interacting Particles in a First Order Phase Transition.

Ryusuke Jinno1,2, Bibhushan Shakya3, Jorinde van de Vis3,4

  • 1Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 13-15, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.

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First-order phase transitions can generate gravitational waves (GWs) in the early Universe. This study explores a new GW source from feebly interacting particles, distinct from conventional models and detectable by future observatories.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Particle Physics
  • Gravitational Wave Astronomy

Background:

  • First-order phase transitions are established sources of gravitational waves (GWs) originating from the early Universe.
  • Energy release during these transitions typically generates GWs via bubble wall collisions or plasma interactions (sound waves, turbulence).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate an alternative mechanism for GW production during first-order phase transitions.
  • To explore energy transfer to feebly interacting particles as a novel GW source.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a theoretical formalism to model GW production from free-streaming particles.
  • Analyzing the distinct characteristics of GW signals generated by this new mechanism.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that energy transfer to feebly interacting particles can produce GWs.
  • Identified unique signal characteristics for this alternative GW source.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed mechanism offers a new perspective on GW generation from early Universe phase transitions.
  • These GW signals possess distinct features, making them potentially detectable with upcoming gravitational wave detectors.