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Updated: May 17, 2026

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
Published on: August 12, 2013
Curvature Perturbations from First-Order Phase Transitions: Implications to Black Holes and Gravitational Waves
Gabriele Franciolini1, Yann Gouttenoire2,3, Ryusuke Jinno4
1CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Esplanade des Particules 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
Abstract:
Understanding whether primordial black holes form during strong first-order phase transition (FOPT) is a crucial open question in cosmology. We address this using a fully covariant formalism to study cosmological perturbations, highlighting previously overlooked gauge dependencies. We show that non-covariant treatments can overestimate primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves. Once gauge dependencies are accounted for, both signals are strongly suppressed, with direct implications for the FOPT interpretation of the Pulsar Timing Array signal.
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