Structural characterisation, bioactivity exploration, application, and technological innovation in sanshools...

Area of Science:

• Natural Product Chemistry
• Pharmacology
• Analytical Chemistry

Background:

• Sanshools are key bioactive α, β-unsaturated amides in Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae).
• They are responsible for the characteristic "numbing" sensation and diverse bioactivities.
• Understanding sanshools is crucial for Zanthoxylum's applications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review sanshool structural characteristics, sources, and analytical techniques.
• To elucidate pharmacological effects and current/potential applications.
• To clarify the mechanism of sanshool-induced "numbing" and its role in quality control.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and systematic analysis of existing research on sanshools.
• Examination of separation and analytical methodologies.
• Evaluation of pharmacological data and application-based studies.

Main Results:

• Detailed characterization of sanshool structures and natural sources.
• Identification of diverse pharmacological activities including analgesia, photoprotection, and insecticidal effects.
• Analysis of challenges and prospects in sanshool stability, separation, and production.

Conclusions:

• Sanshools possess significant potential in medicine, personal care, food, and agriculture.
• Clarifying the "numbing" mechanism provides a Zanthoxylum quality assessment indicator.
• This review serves as a foundation for advancing sanshool research and utilization.