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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry of Nanosize Monosodium Titanate
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in oncology: synthesis, application, and challenges.

Parth Agarwal1, Rachana Raman1, Rushil Dalal1

  • 1Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.

Cell Biology and Toxicology
|April 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) show promise in cancer therapy by enhancing treatments like chemotherapy. However, concerns about their toxicity and regulatory hurdles need further research for safe clinical use.

Keywords:
Green SynthesisImmunotherapyNanomedicineOncotherapeuticsTargeted Drug DeliveryTumor Microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Nanoparticles (NPs), defined as particles <100 nm, including Titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2 NPs), offer unique properties for therapeutic applications.
  • TiO2 NPs exhibit tunable characteristics, dopant compatibility, biocompatibility, and catalytic activity, with optimal sizes (20-150 nm) and spherical shapes enhancing drug delivery efficiency.
  • While not effective alone, TiO2 NPs can reduce tumorigenesis and boost efficacy in various cancer therapies (PDT, SDT, PTT, immunotherapy, chemotherapy).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of TiO2 NPs as drug delivery agents (DDAs).
  • To explore the applications of TiO2 NPs in diverse cancer treatment modalities.
  • To discuss the associated risks, including cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, and strategies for risk mitigation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on TiO2 NPs in cancer therapy.
  • Analysis of physiochemical properties influencing NP efficacy.
  • Examination of safety data and regulatory considerations.

Main Results:

  • TiO2 NPs demonstrate potential in augmenting cancer treatments but are associated with cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.
  • Regulatory barriers due to long-term toxicity concerns hinder clinical translation.
  • Optimal NP size and shape are crucial for drug encapsulation, circulation, efficacy, and aggregation control.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is essential to address safety and toxicity concerns of TiO2 NPs for long-term exposure.
  • Strategies to minimize risks are needed to facilitate the clinical application of TiO2 NP-based therapies.
  • Understanding NP properties and potential adverse effects is key to advancing nanomedicine in oncology.