Exploring the phytochemical composition, ethnomedicinal uses, and therapeutic potential of Prunus species: a...

Prunus L. is a diverse genus of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the family Rosaceae (subfamily Amygdaloideae), comprising approximately 400-430 species widely distributed across temperate regions. Several species are cultivated globally for ornamental purposes and for commercially important fruits such as plums, almonds, peaches, nectarines, cherries, and apricots. Beyond their economic value, numerous Prunus species have a long history of use in traditional healthcare systems for their ethnomedicinal properties. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic potential of 30 selected Prunus species. An extensive literature survey was conducted across major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and SciFinder, as well as published books and proceedings. Chemical and taxonomic data were verified through PubChem and World Flora Online. Phytochemical investigations reveal that Prunus species are rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, terpenoids, and cyanogenic glycosides, which contribute to a broad spectrum of biological activities. Experimental studies report significant anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antihyperlipidemic, antibacterial, and diuretic properties. However, comprehensive mechanistic studies and clinical validations remain limited to a few well-studied species, highlighting substantial research gaps. Future research should focus on the isolation and structural characterization of bioactive constituents, elucidation of molecular mechanisms, integration of omics-based approaches, and the conduct of well-designed clinical and toxicological studies. Sustainable utilization and conservation strategies are also essential to preserve genetic diversity. Overall, this review underscores the significant pharmacological promise of Prunus species and provides a framework for advancing their therapeutic applications.