Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

2.7K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
2.7K
Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

80.9K
Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
80.9K
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

88.6K
Overview
88.6K
DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

1.6K
Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
1.6K
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

9.8K
Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
9.8K
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

3.6K
The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
3.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

HIV Care Continuum after Rapid Start with Patient Navigation in a Large Urban HIV Clinic in Dallas, TX.

AIDS patient care and STDs·2026
Same author

Spatiotemporal regulation of neutrophil-mediated immune cascades via engineered PEEK surfaces restores osseointegration in diabetes.

Bioactive materials·2026
Same author

Atomically dispersed iron on carbon nitride with enhanced oxygen adsorption for efficient and scalable photooxidation.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Plasma fatty acid composition modifies the cardiovascular risk of long-term PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure: a prospective cohort study of 428,048 participants.

Lipids in health and disease·2026
Same author

Real-Time Lightweight Weld Seam Keypoint Detection and Tracking via an Improved SimCC with a Unified Three-Keypoint Formulation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Divergent Synthesis of Thioethers and Thioesters from Arenes and Carboxylic Acids.

Organic letters·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

11.0K

2'3'-cGAMP-induced membrane shearing promotes broad antiphage immunity.

Yina Gao1, Zhaolong Li2, Yufei Zhou2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.

Cell
|April 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The cyclic-oligonucleotide-based anti-phage signaling system (CBASS) uses transmembrane proteins to disrupt bacterial membranes. This study reveals how these proteins assemble and shear membranes, providing a new understanding of prokaryotic antiviral immunity.

Keywords:
CBASSCD-NTaseSAVEDantiphagecGAMPcGAScell deathmembrane disruptionmembrane shearing

More Related Videos

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins
09:40

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins

Published on: June 11, 2015

13.0K
Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems
10:52

Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems

Published on: October 14, 2025

1.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

11.0K
Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins
09:40

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins

Published on: June 11, 2015

13.0K
Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems
10:52

Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems

Published on: October 14, 2025

1.4K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • The cyclic-oligonucleotide-based anti-phage signaling system (CBASS) is a key prokaryotic antiviral defense.
  • Transmembrane (TM) proteins are common CBASS effectors, but their immune activation mechanisms are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism by which three transmembrane (3TM)-SMODS-associated fused to various effector domains (SAVED) effectors mediate membrane disruption in CBASS signaling.
  • To understand how ligand binding triggers effector assembly and membrane permeabilization.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) to determine the structure of the 3TM-SAVED effector.
  • Biochemical assays to study effector assembly and function in vitro.
  • Liposome-based membrane disruption assays.

Main Results:

  • 3TM-SAVED effectors assemble stepwise from monomers to filaments upon binding 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP).
  • Filament formation involves reorientation of TM helices and amphipathic hairpins, creating vertically offset arrays.
  • These arrays drive vertical lipid shearing, forming pores that permeabilize membranes and induce cell death.

Conclusions:

  • This study reveals the molecular mechanism of CBASS TM effectors, demonstrating how they sense cyclic nucleotides and disrupt membranes.
  • Vertical membrane shearing is identified as a novel principle of membrane disruption applicable across life domains.
  • Findings provide insights into the evolution of innate immunity pathways, including the mammalian cGAS-STING pathway.