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Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization
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IRS assisted hybrid HAP UAV uplink NOMA networks: an interference aware optimization framework.

Asma A Alhashmi1, Ahmed Badi Alshammari2, Monir Abdullah3

  • 1Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, 73213, Saudi Arabia.

Scientific Reports
|April 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted hybrid network combining high-altitude platforms (HAPs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for improved uplink communication. The proposed system significantly boosts data rates and reliability for dense networks, supporting digital transformation in sectors like mining.

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communication Networks
  • Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS)
  • Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

Background:

  • Dense uplink connectivity demands advanced solutions for efficient data offloading and monitoring.
  • Hybrid aerial networks (HAP-UAV) offer potential but face challenges with interference and deployment optimization.
  • Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) can enhance wireless environments by intelligently manipulating signal propagation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize an IRS-assisted hybrid HAP-UAV uplink communication network using NOMA.
  • To address the challenges of UAV deployment, user association, power allocation, and IRS phase shifts in a unified framework.
  • To maximize the uplink sum-rate under practical constraints for applications like remote mining.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a joint uplink sum-rate maximization problem as a non-convex mixed-integer optimization.
  • Development of a low-complexity block coordinate descent (BCD)-based framework for iterative optimization.
  • Simulation and performance evaluation against conventional benchmarks.

Main Results:

  • The proposed IRS-assisted hybrid HAP-UAV NOMA system significantly outperforms existing schemes.
  • Achieved uplink sum-rate improvements of up to 23.03% compared to non-IRS hybrid systems.
  • Demonstrated substantial gains over UAV-only and HAP-only IRS-assisted schemes, with additional benefits from IRS-assisted user association.

Conclusions:

  • The IRS-assisted hybrid HAP-UAV uplink NOMA network offers a scalable and reliable solution for future 6G dense communication.
  • The BCD-based optimization framework effectively addresses complex system parameters for enhanced performance.
  • This technology supports digital transformation initiatives, particularly in demanding environments like remote mining.