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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
633
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

473
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

332
Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
332
Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

Pericarditis I: Introduction

714
Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
714
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

814
Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
814
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

812
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
812

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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Flow Cytometry-Based Quantification and Analysis of Myocardial B-Cells
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PD-1/PD-L1 Signaling in Non-ICI Myocarditis.

Laura I Yousif1, Aukje G Sijtema1, Ymke Appels1

  • 1Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

JACC. Basic to Translational Science
|April 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoints like PD-1/PD-L1 are crucial in non-ICI myocarditis, not just ICI treatment. Cardiac cells upregulate PD-L1, working with T cells to manage inflammation.

Keywords:
PD-1PD-L1cardio-immunologyimmune checkpointmyocarditis

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause myocarditis, a serious side effect of cancer therapy.
  • The function of immune checkpoints within the heart during inflammatory conditions unrelated to ICIs is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression and role of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) in the heart during non-ICI-mediated myocarditis.
  • To determine if PD-1/PD-L1 signaling is involved in the cardiac inflammatory response in myocarditis.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-species single-cell/nucleus RNA sequencing analysis comparing murine myocarditis models and human heart samples.
  • In vitro validation using human cell lines.

Main Results:

  • PD-1/PD-L1 signaling is intrinsically part of the myocardial inflammatory response in both murine and human non-ICI myocarditis.
  • Cardiac endothelial cells and fibroblasts showed significant PD-L1 upregulation during myocarditis.
  • This upregulation coincided with peak PD-1 expression on T cells, suggesting a protective mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Immune checkpoints play a significant role in the pathogenesis of myocarditis, independent of ICI treatment.
  • The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in cardiac cells represents a potential therapeutic target for managing myocarditis.