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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections01:21

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections

Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Constructing a Collagen Hydrogel for the Delivery of Stem Cell-loaded Chitosan Microspheres
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Nonfacial Use of Injectable Poly-L-lactic Acid: Safety Data From a Multicenter Observational Study in the United

Kalpna Kay Durairaj, Ali Vafa, Shino Bay Aguilera

    Aesthetic Surgery Journal. Open Forum
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    Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA-SCA) demonstrates safety for nonfacial aesthetic treatments in the USA. This collagen-stimulating injectable implant was well-tolerated, with mild adverse events like bruising being most common.

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    Area of Science:

    • Aesthetic medicine
    • Dermatology
    • Biomaterials

    Background:

    • Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA-SCA) received FDA approval for facial aesthetics in 2009.
    • Nonfacial aesthetic treatments using PLLA-SCA are common clinical practice.
    • Initial studies suggest PLLA-SCA is safe for aesthetic applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the safety of PLLA-SCA in nonfacial areas.
    • Evaluate real-world clinical use of PLLA-SCA in the USA.
    • Determine incidence and nature of adverse events.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective chart review of 498 subjects across 9 US sites.
    • Inclusion criteria: ≥2 vials of PLLA-SCA in ≥2 sessions for nonfacial areas.
    • Data collected: demographics, treatment details, and adverse events (AEs). Primary endpoint: treatment-related AEs.

    Main Results:

    • The gluteal region and decolletage were the most common nonfacial treatment areas.
    • Most treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were mild/moderate injection site bruising (5.0%).
    • Nodule occurrence was rare (0.2%), with generally larger reconstitution volumes used.

    Conclusions:

    • PLLA-SCA is well-tolerated for nonfacial aesthetic treatments in real-world settings.
    • Adverse events are typically mild and injection-related.
    • Larger volumes may be used in nonfacial areas compared to facial treatments.