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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Developing Bragg-peak FLASH proton irradiator using permanent magnet synchrotron.

Xin Qian1, Dejan Trbojevic2, Stephen Brooks2

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA.

Journal of Radiosurgery and SBRT
|April 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new proton radiation therapy facility will use a fixed-magnetic-field synchrotron for FLASH therapy. Initial tests with a 28 MeV proton beam show promising characteristics for small animal studies.

Keywords:
FLASH protonbeam profilepermanent magnet synchrotronradiochromic filmsmall field radiation doseultra-high dose-rate

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Particle Accelerator Technology
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Flash radiation therapy (FLASH) offers potential advantages over conventional radiotherapy.
  • Developing compact and cost-effective accelerators is crucial for advancing FLASH therapy.
  • Stony Brook University Hospital is establishing a novel fixed-magnetic-field synchrotron facility for proton FLASH therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the physical properties of proton beams from a new fixed-magnetic-field synchrotron.
  • To evaluate the suitability of the generated proton beams for preclinical research, specifically small animal studies.
  • To validate the design parameters of the novel synchrotron for FLASH radiation delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a racetrack-shaped permanent magnet synchrotron with nonlinear field magnets.
  • Operation of the synchrotron to generate proton beams with kinetic energies from 10 to 250 MeV.
  • Measurement of beam width, Bragg peak depth, and peak gap for a 28 MeV proton beam.

Main Results:

  • The synchrotron design enables fixed betatron tunes and FLASH radiation delivery at 40 Gy/s in 100 ms.
  • A 28 MeV proton beam exhibited a beam width of 7.45 mm (horizontal and vertical).
  • The measured Bragg peak depth was 6.5 mm, with a peak gap of 8.97 mm.

Conclusions:

  • The novel fixed-magnetic-field synchrotron is a compact and potentially cost-effective solution for proton FLASH therapy.
  • The initial characterization of the 28 MeV proton beam indicates its suitability for small animal studies.
  • This facility represents a significant step towards implementing advanced FLASH radiation therapy techniques.