Balancing the blue economy and multiple stressor management in marine spatial planning at the land-sea interface

Coastal ecosystems face complex, interacting stressors that challenge conventional management strategies. We propose a transformative, eight-component framework considering Marine Spatial Planning, Blue Economy objectives, and multiple stressor management at the land-sea interface. This framework employs adaptive, data-driven management, holistic ecosystem-based approaches, and stakeholder collaboration to mitigate cumulative impacts across multiple scales. Using Massachusetts (USA) as a case study, we hypothesise ways to apply this framework, enhancing coastal resilience and sustainability.