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Catheter-based Endovascular Angioplasty for Fibrosing Mediastinitis-associated Pulmonary Vein Stenosis
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Characteristics and outcomes of preterm infants with pulmonary vein stenosis in the contemporary era: a PHIS database

Mohamed F Elsisy1, Fred Z Lam2, Mark M Naguib2

  • 1Thomas P. Graham, Jr., Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN, USA. mohamed.elsisy@vumc.org.

Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association
|April 20, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) in preterm infants is linked to higher mortality and resource use. Early recognition and surveillance are crucial for improving outcomes in these vulnerable infants.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Cardiology
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Healthcare Informatics

Background:

  • Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is an emerging concern in preterm infants.
  • Limited data exist on PVS characteristics and outcomes in this population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of preterm infants with PVS.
  • To identify factors associated with PVS in this cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 268,461 hospitalizations of preterm infants (<37 weeks' gestation) from 50 US children's hospitals (2016-2024).
  • PVS identified using ICD-10 code I28.8.
  • Statistical analysis to determine associations with PVS and in-hospital mortality.

Main Results:

  • PVS was identified in 703 (0.3%) infants.
  • Associated factors included bronchopulmonary dysplasia, low birthweight (≤1.5 kg), oxygen/ventilator dependency, pulmonary hypertension, left-to-right shunts, and necrotizing enterocolitis.
  • PVS was associated with significantly higher in-hospital mortality (11.4% vs 2%), longer hospitalizations, and increased costs. Adjusted odds ratio for mortality was 4.3.

Conclusions:

  • PVS in preterm infants is associated with increased in-hospital mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization.
  • There is a critical need for enhanced recognition and structured surveillance protocols for PVS in preterm infants.
Abstract

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