A research framework for studying the motivations and obstructions of exposure to urban green spaces

Exposure to urban green space (UGS) significantly benefits public health, yet the mechanisms driving or impeding its use remain unclear. This study addresses this gap by developing a multi-level research framework through a systematic review of 111 peer-reviewed articles. The framework organizes motivations and obstructions across three interconnected levels: social, environmental, and individual. Findings indicate that while motivations are shifting toward psychological restoration and social cohesion, significant obstructions include environmental stressors (e.g. extreme heat), time scarcity, and the "extinction of experience" linked to limited childhood nature contact. Analysis highlights a research imbalance, with existing studies focusing disproportionately on motivations rather than barriers. This study identifies critical future research directions, including investigating biodiversity's role, supply-demand dynamics, and employing longitudinal designs to capture evolving motivations. This framework provides a robust theoretical foundation for urban planning and design aimed at promoting equitable UGS access and enhancing public well-being.