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Updated: Apr 23, 2026
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Polarization and Characterization of M1 and M2 Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages on Implant Surfaces
Published on: December 6, 2024
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Biomaterial-associated molecular patterns (BAMPs) modulate macrophage polarization in bone grafting.
Carel Brigi1,2, Mawieh Hamad1,3, Ensanya Ali Abou Neel1,4
1Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Plos One
|April 21, 2026
Summary
Bone graft surface properties influence how serum proteins bind, directing immune cell responses and impacting graft success in oral surgery. This understanding aids in designing better bone graft materials for improved integration.
Area of Science:
- Biomaterials Science
- Immunology
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Background:
- Bone graft rejection is a major hurdle in reconstructive oral surgery.
- Biomaterial-associated molecular patterns (BAMPs) critically influence immune responses and graft outcomes.
- The foreign body reaction (FBR) is central to bone graft integration and rejection.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate BAMPs, physicochemical properties, and adsorbed serum proteomic profiles of demineralized bone matrix (DMB) and decellularized bone (DCC) grafts.
- To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of adsorbed serum proteins on DMB and DCC grafts.
- To determine how these interactions influence macrophage polarization and subsequent graft acceptance.
Main Methods:
- DMB and DCC bone grafts were incubated with fetal bovine serum (FBS) to analyze adsorbed protein profiles.
- Physicochemical properties (hydrophilicity, charge, surface roughness) of DMB and DCC grafts were characterized.
- THP-1 cells were used to assess the impact of adsorbed serum proteins on macrophage polarization, analyzing cell morphology and marker expression (e.g., CD14, CD16, CD86, CD206, HLA-DR, iNOS, Arg-1, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β).
Main Results:
- DCC grafts exhibited hydrophilic, anionic, and smooth surfaces, while DMB grafts were hydrophobic, mildly anionic, and rough.
- Significant differences were observed in the proteomic profiles of serum proteins adsorbed onto DMB versus DCC grafts.
- Macrophages exposed to DCC-adsorbed proteins showed M2-like polarization (elongated morphology, increased CD16, CD206, Arg-1, IL-10, TGF-β), whereas DMB-adsorbed proteins induced M1-like polarization (rounded morphology, increased CD86, HLA-DR, iNOS).
Conclusions:
- Bone graft physicochemical properties dictate serum protein adsorption patterns.
- Adsorbed serum proteins play a crucial role in directing macrophage polarization, influencing graft acceptance.
- Tailoring biomaterial properties can modulate immune responses, enhancing bone graft integration in oral surgery.
