DAMPs and PAMPs driven macrophage activation in kidney injury

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Immunology
• Pathology

Background:

• Renal inflammation and fibrosis are key drivers of chronic kidney disease progression.
• Macrophage activation via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sensing damage- (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) initiates kidney injury.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review how DAMP/PAMP-mediated macrophage activation orchestrates renal injury.
• To elucidate the mechanisms of macrophage polarization, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis in kidney disease.
• To highlight novel DAMPs/PAMPs roles and therapeutic strategies targeting this axis.

Main Methods:

• Review of literature on macrophage activation, inflammasomes, and renal pathology.
• Analysis of mechanisms linking PRR signaling to kidney inflammation and fibrosis.
• Synthesis of therapeutic approaches targeting PRR-DAMP/PAMP-macrophage axis.

Main Results:

• DAMP/PAMP sensing by PRRs triggers macrophage activation, leading to renal inflammation and fibrosis.
• Macrophage polarization, inflammasome assembly, and pyroptosis amplify kidney injury.
• Emerging DAMPs and PAMPs contribute to specific renal pathologies.

Conclusions:

• Targeting PRR antagonists, inflammasome inhibitors, and macrophage polarization modulators shows therapeutic potential.
• Modulating the DAMP/PAMP-macrophage axis can attenuate renal inflammation and fibrosis.
• These strategies may mitigate the progression of end-stage kidney disease.