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BOLD response delays represent local cortical processing.

Sébastien Proulx1,2, Reza Farivar1,2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Room L7-213, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montréal, Québec, H3G 1A4, Canada.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|April 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hemodynamic response (HR) delays, not just amplitudes, reveal neural computations. Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) shows HR waveform variations inform on underlying neural processes.

Keywords:
BOLDcross-orientation suppressionfMRIhemodynamic response function, V1

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Hemodynamic response (HR) shape varies with stimulus/task conditions.
  • Vascular factors alone don't explain HR waveform variations within voxels.
  • Different neuron types may shape the HR, offering insights beyond neural activation detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess if stimulus- or task-specific HRs inform on underlying neural processes.
  • To investigate the utility of HR delays in addition to amplitudes for decoding neural information.
  • To explore the relationship between HR waveform characteristics and neural computations.

Main Methods:

  • Measured HR apparent delays to oriented visual stimuli using 1 mm and 1-s resolution Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) in healthy humans.
  • Used cross-validated predictions to decode stimulus conditions (two orthogonal gratings, overlay) from V1 patterns of HR amplitudes and delays.
  • Compared prediction accuracy using amplitude alone, delay alone, and combined amplitude and delay information.

Main Results:

  • Decoding of stimulus conditions was robust using V1 patterns of HR amplitudes.
  • Decoding was also successful using patterns of HR delays alone.
  • Predictions using both delay and amplitude information outperformed those using amplitude alone.
  • The overlay stimulus showed an ~180 ms HR waveform delay compared to grating stimuli, despite similar V1-averaged amplitudes.

Conclusions:

  • Neurally relevant information can be extracted from the HR waveform beyond its amplitude.
  • HR delays reflect different neural computations, such as cross-orientation suppression.
  • BOLD fMRI measurements of HR delays provide insights into the nature of neural processes.