Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

14.2K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
14.2K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

13.5K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
13.5K
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

2.1K
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
2.1K
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

3.1K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
3.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Patient-Derived IgG Epitope Mapping of Bet v 1 Reveals Hypoallergenic Peptide Candidates for Safe and Next-Generation Allergen Immunotherapy.

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology·2026
Same author

High-resolution time-lapse imaging of droplet-cell dynamics <i>via</i> optimal transport and contrastive learning.

Lab on a chip·2025
Same author

Baseline Single-Cell Differences in Polyfunctionality Between Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases Patients and Healthy Controls.

European journal of immunology·2025
Same author

Dynamic Activation of NADPH Oxidases in Immune Responses Modulates Differentiation, Function, and Lifespan of Plasma Cells.

European journal of immunology·2025
Same author

Antibody density on bacteria regulates C1q recruitment by monoclonal IgG but not IgM.

European journal of immunology·2024
Same author

Stimulation-induced cytokine polyfunctionality as a dynamic concept.

eLife·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

14.7K

CD19 expression associates with polyfunctionality and altered secretion dynamics in individual activated human B

Luca Johannes Schlotheuber1, Morten Øgelund Overgaard2, Klaus Eyer1,2

  • 1Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|April 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

B cells can secrete multiple proteins, but single-cell analysis was limited. This study developed a microfluidic method to quantify B-cell polyfunctionality, revealing distinct secretion dynamics and CD19 expression correlations in healthy human B cells.

Keywords:
B-cell functionalitiesinflammatory B cellsregulatory B cellssingle-cell analysistemporal dynamics

More Related Videos

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

4.6K
Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development
08:25

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Published on: January 22, 2021

17.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

14.7K
Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

4.6K
Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development
08:25

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Published on: January 22, 2021

17.7K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • B cells are known to secrete both antibodies and cytokines, a phenomenon termed polyfunctional secretion.
  • Previous studies analyzed B-cell function in bulk, limiting understanding of individual cell dynamics, quantity, and timing.
  • Data on B-cell polyfunctionality in healthy individuals is scarce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a microfluidic workflow for quantitative, simultaneous analysis of B-cell polyfunctionality at the single-cell level.
  • To investigate the dynamics, quantity, and temporality of polyfunctional B cells secreting IL-10, IL-6, GM-CSF, and IgG.
  • To explore B-cell polyfunctionality in healthy human subjects after ex vivo stimulation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a microfluidic workflow for single-cell analysis.
  • Simultaneous quantification of four key secreted proteins: IL-10, IL-6, GM-CSF, and IgG.
  • Ex vivo stimulation of switched memory B cells and analysis of CD19 expression levels.

Main Results:

  • IgG and cytokine co-secretion was observed at the single-cell level and induced early by specific stimuli.
  • TLR4 activation induced highly polyfunctional B cells with faster IL-6 and GM-CSF secretion dynamics compared to mono-secreting cells.
  • Higher CD19 expression correlated with increased IL-6 and GM-CSF secretion rates and delayed IgG secretion.

Conclusions:

  • Single-cell analysis reveals complex temporal patterns in B-cell polyfunctionality.
  • Distinct functional properties correlate with CD19 expression levels in activated B cells.
  • This work provides quantitative insights into inflammatory and regulatory B cells, aiding future research in immune regulation.