Micro Pattern-Based 3D Cell Culture Platform: An Overview of Technologies and Applications

Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular models are considered ideal methods for bridging the gap between two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and animal models, which are widely used in organogenesis, disease models, drug development, and regenerative medicine. Cell culture technologies determine the physical and biological properties of multicellular spheroids or organoids that affect the authenticity, stability, assessment, and throughput of the 3D multicellular system. Micro patterns, characterized as a coating of specific adhesion matrices on substrates, can control cell behaviors and fate by limiting the space available for cell spreading. micro patterns are used to culture non-tumor or tumor spheroids and organoids with effective control of size and arrangement, which is suitable for large-scale and standardized culture to generate 3D multicellular models. This comprehensive review summarizes the advantages and applications of 3D multicellular models and discusses the characteristics of general 3D cell culture technologies. We discuss the basic applications of micro pattern technologies and highlight the specific advantages and features of micropattern (as a 3D cell culture platform) in non-tumor research (regenerative medicine, developmental biology, disease modelling, and monoclonal cell culture) and tumor research (tumor microenvironment (TME) and drug screening). Finally, the fabrication of micro patterns (bio inks, fabrication methods for micro patterns, morphology, and quality of micro patterns) is described.