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Related Concept Videos

Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

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Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a...
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Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation
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Macrocyclic peptides as protein-protein interaction modulators: a review.

Erin Ann Sunny1, Sandhya Sadanandan1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522241, India. sandhya.sadanandan@vitap.ac.in.

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
|April 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Macrocyclic peptides offer a promising strategy for targeting challenging protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that are difficult for small molecules to address. These cyclic peptides are advancing precision medicine for various diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Drug Discovery and Development
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are crucial for cellular functions but are difficult to target with conventional drugs due to their large, dynamic interfaces.
  • Macrocyclic peptides represent a novel therapeutic modality, bridging the gap between small molecules and biologics.
  • Conformational constraint in peptides, achieved through natural cyclic peptides and phage display, enhances affinity and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging strategies for discovering macrocyclic peptide-based modulators of protein-protein interactions (PPIs).
  • To highlight the application of these modulators in targeting diverse diseases, including oncology, infectious diseases, and inflammatory conditions.
  • To discuss future directions in peptide-based drug development for PPIs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in macrocyclic peptide drug discovery for PPIs.
  • Exploration of high-throughput screening, structure-based drug design, and artificial intelligence in identifying peptide therapeutics.
  • Analysis of chemical modification techniques (e.g., stapling, unnatural amino acids) to enhance peptide properties.

Main Results:

  • Macrocyclic peptides demonstrate high specificity and affinity for targeting extended protein surfaces.
  • Successful targeting of disease-driving PPIs like MDM2-p53, BCL-2 family, and KRAS-effector complexes is evident.
  • Chemical modifications improve peptide stability, proteolytic resistance, and cell permeability.

Conclusions:

  • Macrocyclic peptides are a versatile platform for developing novel therapeutics against challenging PPI targets.
  • These peptide-based drugs hold significant potential for expanding precision medicine applications across various diseases.
  • Continued innovation in discovery and modification techniques will drive the future of PPI-directed peptide therapeutics.