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Related Concept Videos

Biofilms01:29

Biofilms

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Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...
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Oral Biofilm Formation on Different Materials for Dental Implants
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Modeling In Vitro Biofilm-Calculus Formation for Assessing Periodontal Instrumentation and the Forces Applied.

Gert Jungbauer1, Luca Giacobbo2, Alexandra Stähli1

  • 1Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Clinical and Experimental Dental Research
|April 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultrasonic instrumentation effectively removes subgingival biofilm and calculus in an in vitro model. This method proved superior to hand instrumentation, requiring less force for periodontitis treatment.

Keywords:
dental biofilm and calculusforce evaluationmanual and piezoelectric ultrasonic scalerperiodontal therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Periodontology
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Standardized in vitro models are crucial for evaluating periodontal treatment effectiveness.
  • Accurate simulation of clinical conditions is essential for reliable research outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an in vitro model for subgingival biofilm and calculus formation.
  • To compare the efficacy of hand versus ultrasonic instrumentation in removing biofilm and calculus.
  • To measure forces applied during instrumentation in a simulated periodontal defect.

Main Methods:

  • A multi-species biofilm and calculus model was established over 14 days.
  • Human dentin specimens in a periodontal pocket model were subjected to hand or ultrasonic instrumentation.
  • Remaining biofilm/calculus was quantified by colony-forming unit (cfu) counts and calcium levels.
  • Instrumentation forces were measured using a multi-axis force sensor.

Main Results:

  • Ultrasonic instrumentation demonstrated superior reduction in cfu counts compared to hand instrumentation.
  • Both methods reduced calcium levels, indicating calculus removal.
  • Hand instrumentation applied significantly higher lateral forces than ultrasonic instrumentation.
  • The in vitro model successfully formed reproducible calculus.

Conclusions:

  • The developed in vitro model allows for reproducible calculus formation and evaluation of instrumentation techniques.
  • Ultrasonic instrumentation is more effective and less forceful than hand instrumentation for biofilm and calculus removal.
  • This model provides a novel platform for comparing periodontal instrumentation modalities.