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Metabolic module exchange in plant-endophyte coevolution: mechanisms and implications.

Xuejing Zhong1, Hanping Bao1, Shen Zhang1

  • 1College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014000, China.

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|April 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Plant endophytes exhibit structured communities and functional specialization, leading to coadaptation with hosts. Mechanisms like horizontal gene transfer and convergent evolution enable shared metabolite production, crucial for agriculture and medicine.

Keywords:
CoevolutionEndophyteHorizontal gene transferHost specificityMetabolic complementationPlant-endophyte interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Plant Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Endophytes form symbiotic relationships with plants, offering benefits like growth promotion and stress resistance.
  • Existing research highlights endophyte benefits, but lacks systematic synthesis on distribution, functional differentiation, and metabolite production.
  • This gap hinders understanding of plant-endophyte coadaptation and its applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize studies on endophyte diversity, functional specialization, and metabolite biosynthesis.
  • To elucidate patterns and mechanisms of functional complementarity and metabolic congruence between plants and endophytes.
  • To evaluate the roles of horizontal gene transfer and convergent evolution in bioactive metabolite production.

Main Methods:

  • Bibliometric analysis
  • Systematic literature review
  • Integration of existing evidence

Main Results:

  • Endophyte communities are structured, host- and tissue-specific, with phylogenetic relatedness observed in strains from similar tissues.
  • Bacteria primarily produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), while fungi mainly produce gibberellins (GAs), indicating functional division in phytohormone production.
  • Roots are the primary and most diverse sites for endophyte colonization.

Conclusions:

  • Plant-endophyte coadaptation is driven by structured community assembly and functional specialization, not random association.
  • Horizontal gene transfer and convergent evolution are key mechanisms for metabolic complementation between plants and endophytes.
  • Understanding these interactions is vital for agricultural and medicinal applications.