Optimizing PET/CT and SPECT/CT in infection imaging: Acquisition, interpretation, and pitfalls.

Area of Science:

• Nuclear medicine and radiology
• Infection imaging
• Molecular imaging

Background:

• Hybrid imaging, including F18-FDG PET/CT and radiolabeled leukocyte (WBC) SPECT/CT, is transforming infectious disease diagnosis.
• The field is shifting from subjective interpretation to a standardized, quantitative approach, mirroring advancements in oncology.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive roadmap for molecular imaging in infectious diseases.
• To guide patient selection, interpretation strategies, and highlight diagnostic pitfalls.
• To emphasize structured reporting for improved communication and patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature and practices in hybrid imaging for infection.
• Discussion of quantitative and multiparametric assessment strategies.
• Analysis of diagnostic challenges, including pharmacological interference, artifacts, and biological mimics.

Main Results:

• Hybrid imaging offers a synergistic approach combining functional and morphological data.
• Standardization and quantitative analysis improve diagnostic accuracy.
• Structured reporting facilitates effective multidisciplinary communication.

Conclusions:

• Molecular imaging, particularly hybrid approaches, is crucial for managing complex infections.
• A standardized, quantitative framework is essential for optimizing diagnostic performance.
• Structured reporting enhances the clinical utility of imaging findings for personalized medicine.