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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells

Published on: May 11, 2020

Periodontal Disease in Smokers.

Shaili Pradhan¹, Anugya Karanjit¹, Krishna Prasad Lamichhane¹

¹National Academy of Medical Sciences, Mahabauddha, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Journal of Nepal Health Research Council

|April 23, 2026

Summary

Smoking significantly increases the risk of periodontal disease, with nearly all smokers experiencing gingival bleeding and over 85% showing signs of severe gum disease. Smoking cessation programs are crucial for improving periodontal health.

Keywords:

Gingival bleeding; loss of attachment; periodontal pocket; periodontitis; smoking.

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Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

Published on: January 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Dental Science
Public Health

Background:

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for periodontal disease, negatively impacting oral microbiota, immune responses, and periodontal healing.
Previous research indicates a strong correlation between smoking habits and the prevalence and severity of periodontal conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the prevalence and status of periodontal disease among a smoker population.
To evaluate the necessity of smoking cessation and awareness initiatives for enhancing periodontal health outcomes.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 231 smokers at Bir Hospital's dental outpatient department.
The Community Periodontal Index (CPI) modified index was utilized to assess periodontal status.
Data were analyzed to compare the impact of smoking on periodontitis across different smoking statuses.

Main Results:

Gingival bleeding was observed in 99.13% (229/231) of smokers.
Periodontal pockets exceeding 3mm were present in 90.47% (209/231) of participants.
Loss of attachment greater than 3mm was recorded in 85.71% (198/231) of the study group.

Conclusions:

Smokers exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of gingival bleeding, periodontal pockets, and loss of attachment.
These findings underscore the critical importance of implementing smoking cessation and awareness programs to mitigate periodontal disease progression.