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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
Published on: January 7, 2014
The Economics and Econometrics of Gene-Environment Interplay
Pietro Biroli1, Titus Galama2, Stephanie von Hinke3
1University of Bologna, Italy.
Abstract:
We discuss how to estimate the interplay between genes (nature) and environments (nurture), with an empirical illustration of the moderating effect of school starting age on one's genetic predisposition towards educational attainment. We argue that gene-environment ( ) studies can be instrumental for (i) assessing treatment effect heterogeneity, (ii) testing theoretical predictions, and (iii) uncovering mechanisms, thereby improving understanding of how (policy) interventions affect population subgroups. Empirically, we find that being old-for-grade and having a higher genetic propensity for education benefits children on assessment tests as they progress through school. In this setting, families appear to increase genetic inequalities while schools seem to reduce them.
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