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Evaluating PM2.5 acidity using thermodynamic models and source contributions in Eastern India.

Abisheg Dhandapani1, Jawed Iqbal1, Radhakrishnan Naresh Kumar2

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India.

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Summary

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in India is influenced by secondary inorganic aerosols. This study provides crucial estimates of aerosol acidity and water content in eastern India, aiding air quality management.

Keywords:
Aerosol liquid water contentE-AIMIGPISORROPIASecondary inorganic aerosols

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Air Quality Research

Background:

  • Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in India, especially the Indo-Gangetic Plain, is significantly impacted by secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA).
  • Aerosol acidity and aerosol water content (AWC) are critical factors influencing PM2.5 but are poorly understood outside major urban areas.
  • Understanding these parameters is vital for effective air quality management and climate impact assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide the first seasonally resolved estimates of fine-mode aerosol pH and AWC using thermodynamic models at a regional receptor site in eastern India.
  • To investigate the factors influencing aerosol acidity and AWC, including meteorological conditions and precursor emissions.
  • To offer region-specific data for improving air quality models and management strategies in India.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the COALESCE framework and thermodynamic models (ISORROPIA-II, E-AIM) to estimate aerosol pH and AWC.
  • Employed both forward and reverse modes in thermodynamic simulations, with ISORROPIA forward-mode showing reduced sensitivity to ion balance uncertainties.
  • Applied Principal Component Analysis to identify sources contributing to water-soluble inorganic ions.

Main Results:

  • Aerosols in Mesra, eastern India, were consistently acidic to moderately acidic (annual mean pH 1.97–3.14), with significant seasonal variations.
  • Aerosol water content (AWC) showed strong seasonal dependence, peaking in winter/post-monsoon (~36 µg m⁻³) and minimizing in pre-monsoon (~6 µg m⁻³).
  • Aerosol pH positively correlated with AWC and relative humidity, and negatively with temperature, indicating thermodynamic shifts.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides essential, region-specific constraints on aerosol acidity and AWC in eastern India.
  • Findings highlight the significant role of SIA formation, biomass burning, coal combustion, dust, and sea salt in contributing to aerosol composition.
  • The results offer critical insights for targeted air quality management interventions in the region.