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Longevity Hinders Evolutionary Rescue through Slower Growth but Not Necessarily Slower Adaptation.

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    Evolutionary rescue, the adaptation of populations to environmental change, is hindered by longer lifespans slowing population growth. However, longevity does not always impede adaptation rates, especially with repeated selection.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Conservation Biology

    Background:

    • Evolutionary rescue is crucial for species survival amid environmental change.
    • Life history traits, such as longevity, significantly influence a population's adaptive capacity.
    • Existing theories suggest longevity may slow adaptation, particularly with single-lifetime selection events.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of longevity on evolutionary rescue under conditions of repeated selection.
    • To model the interplay between life history trade-offs (longevity vs. population growth) and adaptation.
    • To assess how different longevities affect population persistence and adaptation rates during environmental change.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a model integrating evolutionary rescue with life history theory, focusing on longevity.
    • Varied longevity by adjusting survival and reproduction trade-offs, with selection acting on survival.
    • Conducted simulations of populations with differing longevities facing sudden environmental change.

    Main Results:

    • Higher longevity correlated with prolonged periods of low population density and increased extinction risk.
    • Adaptation rates were similar across longevities when trait heritability was perfect.
    • Lower heritabilities revealed that longevity could decouple phenotypic and genotypic changes, causing rapid transient phenotypic shifts.

    Conclusions:

    • Longevity primarily impedes evolutionary rescue by slowing population growth rates.
    • Despite slowing population growth, longevity does not consistently reduce adaptation rates, especially under repeated selection.
    • Understanding longevity's complex role is vital for predicting species' responses to environmental change and informing conservation strategies.