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Single-Port Robotic-assisted Transaxillary Breast-conserving Surgery: A Prospective, Single-arm, Non-randomized Phase IIa Clinical Trial
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Identifying Breast Cancer Risk in Patients Undergoing Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery.

Jamie E Cronin1, Zain Aryanpour2, Jakob A Durden3

  • 1University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

Journal of Surgical Oncology
|April 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A significant portion of transgender individuals undergoing chest masculinization surgery have intermediate or high breast cancer risk. Structured risk assessment and referrals are recommended for improved screening and management in this population.

Keywords:
breast cancer riskmastectomytop surgerytransgendertransgender breast cancertransgender breast cancer screening

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Plastic Surgery

Background:

  • Breast cancer risk in transgender and gender-diverse individuals undergoing chest masculinization surgery is not well-defined.
  • This study addresses the need to characterize breast cancer risk and management within this specific patient group.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize breast cancer risk and management in transgender and gender-diverse individuals undergoing chest masculinization surgery.
  • To identify factors contributing to elevated breast cancer risk in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of patients undergoing chest masculinization surgery.
  • Analysis of family history, reproductive history, genetic testing, International Breast Intervention Study (IBIS) scores, and pathology.
  • Primary outcome: elevated breast cancer risk (IBIS ≥ 15%).

Main Results:

  • 284 individuals underwent chest masculinization surgery.
  • 43% of patients with calculable IBIS scores had intermediate or high breast cancer risk (IBIS ≥ 15%).
  • One case of ductal carcinoma in situ was identified; four high-risk individuals underwent risk-reducing mastectomy.

Conclusions:

  • A subset of patients undergoing chest masculinization surgery presents with elevated breast cancer risk.
  • Structured risk assessment and selective referrals can enhance screening and management for this population.
  • Incidental malignancy, while rare, underscores the importance of proactive risk evaluation.