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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
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Emergency Department Visits for Adverse Medication Events for Adults With Intellectual or Developmental Disabilities.

Steven R Erickson1, Jeremiah Jean1,2, Vincent D Marshall1

  • 1College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
|April 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Adults with intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDD) are more likely to visit the emergency department (ED) for adverse medication events (AMEs). This highlights a critical need to improve medication safety for this vulnerable population.

Keywords:
adverse medication eventsemergency department visitintellectual developmental disabilities

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Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Patient Safety
  • Disability Studies

Background:

  • Individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDD) face higher risks of adverse medication events (AMEs).
  • Factors contributing to this risk include polypharmacy, complex medication schedules, and dependence on caregivers for medication management.
  • These challenges are more prevalent in the IDD population compared to the general population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the likelihood of emergency department (ED) visits for AMEs among adults with IDD compared to the general adult population.
  • To quantify the disparity in ED visits for AMEs between adults with and without IDD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the 2018 National (Nationwide) Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) database.
  • Employed multivariable logistic regression analysis for complex surveys.
  • Controlled for patient characteristics to compare AME-related ED visits in adults with and without IDD.

Main Results:

  • A higher proportion of ED visits for AMEs occurred in adults with IDD (4.4%) compared to those without IDD (2.6%).
  • The multivariable model showed an odds ratio of 1.795 for IDD, indicating a significantly higher likelihood of ED visits for AMEs in this group.
  • The 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio was 1.75 to 1.84, confirming statistical significance.

Conclusions:

  • Adults with IDD experience a greater likelihood of ED visits attributed to AMEs.
  • Findings underscore the need for targeted research into the causes of this medication safety disparity.
  • Recommendations include developing strategies to ensure safe and effective medication use for individuals with IDD.