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Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...

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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Current Concepts in Frontal Sinus Fracture Management.

Tsung-Yen Hsieh¹, Mary Roz Timbang², Edward Bradley Strong³

¹Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 91411, USA.

Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction

|April 24, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Frontal sinus fractures require careful evaluation and treatment to prevent complications. Management strategies are shifting towards conservative approaches, prioritizing sinus function preservation.

Keywords:

cranialization craniomaxillofacial fracture frontal sinus frontal sinus fracture sinus surgery

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Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Otolaryngology
Trauma Surgery

Background:

Frontal sinus fractures result from high-energy trauma.
Potential complications include cosmetic deformity, CSF leaks, chronic sinusitis, and mucoceles.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline frontal sinus anatomy, diagnostic methods, and current treatment concepts.
To emphasize an anatomically driven algorithm for managing frontal sinus fractures.
To review advanced surgical techniques for severe injuries.

Main Methods:

Detailed review of frontal sinus anatomy and pathophysiology.
Analysis of diagnostic pathways for fracture assessment.
Evaluation of treatment algorithms, including conservative and surgical options.

Main Results:

Management decisions hinge on anterior table, posterior table, and nasofrontal outflow tract status.
Endoscopic techniques and evidence favor less invasive strategies for most injuries.
Open procedures are reserved for higher-grade frontal sinus fractures.

Conclusions:

Conservative management and preservation of sinus function are preferred when feasible.
Endoscopic sinus surgery and cranialization are options for severe injuries.
Long-term follow-up is crucial for detecting delayed complications like mucoceles and chronic sinusitis.