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3D-printed PCL scaffolds: optimising material selection for specific bone regeneration applications.

Izabella Rajzer1, Renata Novotna2, Anna Kurowska1

  • 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.

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|April 24, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study compared four additives for 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) bone scaffolds. Zinc oxide (ZnO) improved mechanical strength, while calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPNPs) showed potential for cell integration, guiding scaffold material selection.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Large bone defects present significant clinical challenges, requiring scaffolds with both mechanical stability and osteoinductive properties.
  • Polycaprolactone (PCL) is suitable for 3D printing but requires bioactive additives to enhance its limited bioactivity.
  • A lack of comparative studies on PCL scaffold additives hinders optimal material selection for bone regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically compare the effects of four additives—silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), osteogenon (OST), zinc oxide (ZnO), and vitroceramic calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPNPs)—on 3D-printed PCL scaffolds.
  • To evaluate the mechanical properties, thermal characteristics, and osteoblast biocompatibility of PCL scaffolds modified with these additives.
  • To provide evidence-based guidance for selecting PCL scaffold additives for specific clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of four additives (AgNPs, OST, ZnO, CaPNPs) at 0.5 wt% into 3D-printed PCL scaffolds.
  • Comprehensive evaluation of mechanical properties via tensile testing and thermal characteristics using differential scanning calorimetry.
  • Assessment of osteoblast (SaOS-2) biocompatibility through MTT assays, alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen I production, and fluorescent staining.

Main Results:

  • ZnO modification significantly enhanced mechanical properties, including strain at break and Young's modulus, and supported cell viability.
  • CaPNPs exhibited the highest early-stage cell viability, though not statistically significant.
  • All additives demonstrated non-cytotoxic profiles (>80% cell viability) and time-dependent increases in alkaline phosphatase activity.

Conclusions:

  • ZnO is optimal for mechanically demanding applications requiring enhanced scaffold strength.
  • CaPNPs show promise for applications prioritizing rapid cell integration and early cell response.
  • Further clinical evaluation is essential for all modified PCL scaffolds to confirm their suitability for bone defect repair.