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Mumps encephalitis in an immunocompromised adult

Vinura Munasinghe1, Rudramun Gopal2, Hnin Ei Phyu2

  • 1Deaprtment of Neurology, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford, UK.

BMJ Case Reports
|April 24, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Mumps encephalitis, though rare post-vaccination, remains a concern in immunocompromised individuals. This case highlights diagnostic challenges and the importance of considering mumps meningoencephalitis in unexplained encephalitis.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Mumps encephalitis is a rare complication of mumps virus infection, particularly in the post-vaccination era.
  • However, it remains a significant differential diagnosis for infective encephalitis in immunosuppressed individuals or those with incomplete vaccination histories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case of mumps meningoencephalitis in an immunosuppressed adult with Crohn's disease.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges, including subtle clinical manifestations and imaging findings.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering mumps serology in specific patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of an adult male with Crohn's disease on immunosuppressive therapy.
  • Clinical presentation included acute encephalopathy, seizures, and abnormal neuroimaging.
  • Diagnostic process involved evaluating subtle clinical signs and vaccination history.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with acute encephalopathy and seizures, without initial parotitis.
  • Diagnosis of mumps meningoencephalitis was delayed due to subtle symptoms and incomplete vaccination history.
  • Neuroimaging showed abnormalities consistent with encephalitis.

Conclusions:

  • Mumps meningoencephalitis should be considered in immunosuppressed patients presenting with unexplained encephalitis, even with atypical or subtle symptoms.
  • Diagnostic imaging can provide valuable clues, even with subtle changes.
  • Thorough vaccination history and serological testing are crucial for accurate diagnosis.
Keywords:
Epilepsy and seizuresHeadache (including migraines)Infection (neurology)Neuroimaging

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