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Experimental and simulation orthogonal ghost imaging for measurement-domain optical steganography
Kobra Hassanzadeh1,2,3, Sohrab Ahmadi-Kandjani4,5,6, Reza Kheradmand1,2,3
1Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
Scientific Reports
|April 24, 2026
Summary
This study introduces a novel measurement-domain steganography framework using orthogonal ghost imaging (OGI). The system embeds secret data within optical measurements, offering secure information hiding with minimal hardware and computational complexity for constrained optical platforms.
Area of Science:
- Optics and Information Security
- Quantum Imaging and Cryptography
Background:
- Traditional steganography often relies on digital image or video manipulation.
- Existing optical steganography methods can be complex, requiring specialized hardware or extensive computation.
- There is a need for efficient and robust information hiding techniques in optical measurement domains.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate an experimentally feasible measurement-domain steganography framework.
- To integrate orthogonal ghost imaging (OGI) with chaotic keystream embedding for secure data hiding.
- To demonstrate a compact and computationally efficient optical steganography solution.
Main Methods:
- Utilized a single-pixel orthogonal ghost imaging (OGI) setup to generate cover measurements.
- Employed a hash-initialized logistic map to create a chaotic keystream for data embedding.
- Embedded the chaotic keystream into the least significant bits (LSBs) of bucket intensities.
- Combined numerical simulations and single-pixel optical experiments for validation.
Main Results:
- Achieved imperceptible data embedding with stable statistical properties.
- Maintained high image quality metrics: PSNR > 50 dB, SSIM > 0.996, NPCR ≈ 99.98%.
- Demonstrated statistical consistency with basic steganalysis tests in the OGI domain, showing unchanged LSB plane statistics.
Conclusions:
- The proposed OGI-based framework enables effective measurement-domain information hiding.
- The system offers a compact, hardware-efficient solution suitable for resource-constrained optical applications.
- The approach provides a proof-of-concept for secure data transmission using hardware-generated covers in optical measurements.
