Organoid: a promising solution to current challenges in cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockade and engineered T cell therapies, have revolutionized cancer treatment but face challenges from cancer-specific heterogeneity, tumor-immune interaction complexity, age-associated immune alteration and interspecies limitations. Advances in organoid technologies, using the patient-derived, self-organizing three-dimensional tissues, provide physiologically relevant platforms to model tumor-immune interactions and evaluate therapies in a cancer- and patient-specific manner. This platform has significantly enhanced the predictive power of preclinical research and facilitated more effective immunotherapy development.