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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

[Ethical risks and regulatory considerations in neurofeedback technology].

Yuhang Xue^1,2, Zhihao Li^1,2, Fan Wang^1,2

¹Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.

Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi = Journal of Biomedical Engineering = Shengwu Yixue Gongchengxue Zazhi

|April 27, 2026

Summary

Neurofeedback offers brain regulation benefits but poses ethical risks. This paper proposes an ethical framework to ensure responsible innovation in neurofeedback technology.

Keywords:

Autonomy and privacy Ethical norms Ethical risks Informed consent Neurofeedback

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A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

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Transauricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Electroencephalographic Assessment in Disorders of Consciousness

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Published on: July 11, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Bioethics
Cognitive Science

Background:

Neurofeedback utilizes real-time brain activity for self-regulation.
It shows promise in treating neuropsychiatric conditions and enhancing cognition.
Ethical concerns include autonomy, identity, privacy, and vulnerable populations.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and analyze the ethical risks associated with neurofeedback.
To propose a framework for ethical evaluation and responsible innovation in neurofeedback.
To address challenges in informed consent, particularly for implicit neurofeedback.

Main Methods:

Literature review and ethical risk analysis of neurofeedback applications.
Development of an ethical evaluation framework proposal.
Discussion of ethics-embedded design and international cooperation strategies.

Main Results:

Neurofeedback presents significant ethical challenges impacting cognitive autonomy and personal identity.
Informed consent is a critical issue, especially with implicit neurofeedback systems.
A proactive ethical framework is necessary to guide technological advancement.

Conclusions:

Establishing an ethical evaluation framework is crucial for neurofeedback development.
Promoting ethics-embedded design and public education is essential for responsible innovation.
International cooperation is needed to safeguard against neurofeedback's ethical risks.