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2D:4D and Self-Employment: A Preregistered Replication Study in a Large General Population Sample.

Frank M Fossen^1,2, Levent Neyse^2,3,4, Magnus Johannesson⁵

¹Department of Economics, University of Nevada, Reno, USA.

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice

|April 27, 2026

Summary

The 2D:4D digit ratio may not predict self-employment. This study replicated previous findings in a larger German sample, finding no statistically significant association between finger length ratios and entrepreneurship.

Keywords:

digit ratio entrepreneurship hormones self-employment testosterone

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Area of Science:

Behavioral Economics
Human Biology
Psychology

Background:

The 2D:4D digit ratio, comparing second to fourth finger length, is a proposed marker for prenatal testosterone exposure.
Previous research suggested a link between the left-hand 2D:4D ratio and self-employment.

Purpose of the Study:

To replicate the association between the 2D:4D digit ratio and self-employment.
To investigate the relationship in a large, representative German adult sample.

Main Methods:

A preregistered replication study was conducted.
Data from over 2100 adults in the German Socioeconomic Panel-Innovation Sample (SOEP-IS) were analyzed.
The left-hand 2D:4D digit ratio was calculated and compared with self-employment status.

Main Results:

No statistically significant association was found between the 2D:4D digit ratio and self-employment in the SOEP-IS sample.
The findings contrast with a prior study suggesting such a link.

Conclusions:

The 2D:4D digit ratio does not appear to be a reliable predictor of self-employment in the studied German population.
Further research is needed to explore potential biological or environmental factors influencing entrepreneurship.