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Related Concept Videos

Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

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Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents
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Evaluating Time Occupancy and Time-Scales in Interference Testing with Pulse-Modulated Noise.

Michelle Pirrone1,2, Aric Sanders1, Adam Wunderlich1

  • 1Communications Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, 80305 USA.

IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pulse-modulated noise (PMN) effectively tests interference vulnerabilities in communication systems. This artificial waveform simplifies testing and accurately predicts real-world impacts on Wi-Fi links.

Keywords:
Interference immunity testingWLANWi-Fielectromagnetic interference (EMI)test methodstime structurewireless communications

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Computer Science
  • Telecommunications

Background:

  • Systematic interference testing is crucial for robust communication systems.
  • Existing methods often rely on complex, real-world signals that are difficult to generate and control.
  • There is a need for simpler, yet effective, artificial test waveforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the utility of pulse-modulated noise (PMN) for general-purpose, systematic interference testing.
  • To examine time-domain interference vulnerabilities by modifying PMN parameters.
  • To compare PMN interference with real-world signals like LTE and Wi-Fi.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation using a conducted interference testbed.
  • Utilizing a consumer off-the-shelf (COTS) IEEE 802.11n Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Wi-Fi link as the victim system.
  • Modifying PMN duty cycle (time occupancy) and period (time-scale) to assess interference impacts.

Main Results:

  • Time occupancy was identified as a strong predictor of interference impacts.
  • Time-scale and time correlations were found to be relevant factors in specific circumstances.
  • PMN testing showed comparable results to measured LTE and Wi-Fi signals for corresponding time occupancies.

Conclusions:

  • Pulse-modulated noise (PMN) is a valuable tool for systematic interference testing.
  • PMN waveforms offer a simplified approach to characterizing a wide range of interference vulnerabilities.
  • The findings support the use of PMN for assessing bidirectional communication link resilience.