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2D:4D and Self-Employment: A Preregistered Replication Study in a Large General Population Sample.

Entrepreneurship theory and practice·2026

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

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Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation: Scale Development and Validation.

Daniel R Clark¹, Jeffrey G Covin², Robert J Pidduck³

¹Entrepreneurship Group, Ivey Business School, Western University, London, ON, Canada.

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice

|April 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces and validates a new scale to measure individual-level entrepreneurial orientation (Ind.EO), offering reliable tools for entrepreneurship research. The validated 17-item scale supports the growing field of Ind.EO studies.

Keywords:

EO family of constructs Ind.EO dispositional theory individual entrepreneurial orientation scale development

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Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

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Published on: September 11, 2021

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

Area of Science:

Entrepreneurship
Organizational Behavior
Psychometrics

Background:

Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) is a key concept in entrepreneurship research.
Existing EO measures primarily focus on firm-level or aggregate constructs.
A need exists for an individual-level conceptualization and measurement of EO.

Purpose of the Study:

To theoretically define and develop a measurement model for individual-level entrepreneurial orientation (Ind.EO).
To create and validate a psychometrically sound scale to measure Ind.EO.
To provide validated tools for research in the emerging Ind.EO domain.

Main Methods:

Deductive scale item generation based on theoretical definitions of disposition-based behavioral constructs (autonomy, competitiveness, innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking).
Scale validation through four diverse data collections: academics, general population, entrepreneurs, and business managers.
Psychometric analysis to ensure reliability and validity of the final scale.

Main Results:

A 17-item scale for measuring Ind.EO was developed and psychometrically validated across multiple samples.
Strong validation data support the utility and reliability of the Ind.EO scale.
Unique theoretical insights were provided on the components of autonomy and competitiveness within Ind.EO.

Conclusions:

The validated 17-item Ind.EO scale offers a robust tool for researchers.
The scale supports the burgeoning domain of individual-level entrepreneurial orientation research.
The study enhances understanding of Ind.EO by examining its core components and associated personal values.