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The GATA8-GRF5-XTH9 feed-forward loop regulates cell size in poplar.

Yufei Xia^1,2, Wenqi Wu³, Aoyu Ling^1,2

¹State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.

Horticulture Research

|April 27, 2026

Summary

Triploid poplars exhibit larger cells and leaves due to a feed-forward loop involving GATA8, GRF5, and XTH9 genes, which regulate plant cell size and leaf development.

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Genetics
Molecular Mechanisms

Background:

Triploid poplars possess larger cells and leaves than diploid poplars, but the underlying molecular basis is not well understood.
Understanding polyploid plant development is crucial for agricultural applications and evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for increased cell and leaf size in triploid poplars.
To identify key genes and regulatory pathways involved in cell size determination.

Main Methods:

Differential gene expression analysis between diploid and triploid poplars.
Genetic transformation in poplar to study gene function.
RNA-sequencing to analyze gene regulatory networks.
Yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and dual-luciferase assays to confirm direct gene regulation.
Poplar protoplast cotransformation assays.

Main Results:

PpnGATA8 and PpnGRF5 were significantly upregulated in triploid poplars.
Overexpression of PpnGATA8 and PpnGRF5 increased poplar cell and leaf size, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency.
PpnGATA8 directly regulates the expression of PagGRF5 and PagXTH9.
PpnGRF5 positively regulates PagXTH9 expression.
Coexpression of PpnGATA8 and PpnGRF5 maximally promoted PagXTH9 expression.
Overexpression of PpnXTH9 also increased cell and leaf size.

Conclusions:

A feed-forward regulatory loop involving GATA8, GRF5, and XTH9 controls plant cell size in poplars.
This regulatory network is significant for understanding cell size variation and leaf development, particularly in polyploid plants.
The findings provide a genetic basis for the giant cell and leaf variation observed in polyploid plants.