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Analytical Performances of Polymer-Based Biosensors for Real Samples Application
Marcello Mascini1, Sara Palmieri1, Fabiola Eugelio1
1Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Biosensors
|April 27, 2026
Summary
Polymer biosensors are advancing for real-world samples. This review highlights conductive polymers, hydrogels, and imprinted polymers, but notes validation gaps hinder commercial use.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Analytical Chemistry
- Biotechnology
Background:
- Polymer-based biosensors have transitioned from passive supports to active components influencing performance in complex samples.
- This review analyzes trends in polymer biosensor research from 2015-2025.
Purpose of the Study:
- To critically review and analyze meta-trends in polymer-based biosensors for addressing matrix effects.
- To evaluate the performance of conductive polymers, redox-mediator polymers, hydrogels, and molecularly imprinted polymers in diverse applications.
Main Methods:
- A meta-trend analysis of 96 research articles published between 2015 and 2025.
- Evaluation of four polymer classes (conductive polymers, redox-mediator polymers, hydrogels, molecularly imprinted polymers).
- Assessment of applications in food, beverage, environmental, and clinical settings.
Main Results:
- Electrochemical detection is prevalent (79%), with conductive polymers offering low-potential operation.
- Hydrogels provide high precision (RSD < 3%) in protein-rich samples.
- Molecularly imprinted polymers show stability for trace detection but have slow diffusion rates.
- Significant validation deficits exist, including missing limits of quantification (91%) and issues with reproducibility (33%) and precision (30%).
Conclusions:
- The multi-matrix challenge and validation deficits are key barriers to commercialization.
- Advanced architectures like nanocapsulation and nanocomposites may improve fouling resistance and stability.
